Overview of drugs
-substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease or intended to affect the structure or function of the body
-any chemical substance that affects the body and its processes
-2 categories: prescription; nonprescription
-chemical name: describe the atomic or molecular structure
-generic name: name for drug of a particular class, worldwide use
-trade name: brand name
Example: Antihyperglycemic (drug class), Acarbose (generic name), Precose (trade/brand name)
Drug design and development
-structure is usually modified to optimize:
selectivity: ability to target intended site
affinity: ability to remain attached to the site
potency: strength
efficacy: effectiveness
safety
-Preclinical testing: To determine the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug and to assess the safety and effects of the drug in living organism
-Phase I: To establish basic safety and blood levels achieved with different doses of the drug
-Phase II: To establish the drug's effectiveness and dosage range, to determine drug kinetics, and to identify side effects
-Phase III: To confirm the most effective dosage regimen and to obtain more information abou the drug's effectiveness and side effects
-FDA review: To determine whether the drug has been approved to be effective and safe
-Postmarketing surveillance: To identity any problems that did not occur in phase I,II,III, including other side effects, such as those that take a long time to appear and those that occur rarely
Drug Administration and Kinetics
-Drug administration: giving a drug by one of several means (routes)
-Drug kinetics (Pharmacokinetics): what the body does to a drug, including the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, and how long these processes take
Drug administration:
-oral (mouth). Absorption may begin in mouth and stomach, but usually, most of the drug is absorbed from small intestine. The drug passes through the intestinal wall and then the liver before it is transported via the bloodstream to its target site.
-intravenous (injection into a vein). Best way to deliver a precise dose quickly and in well-controlled manner throughout the body. Also used for irritating solutions. Drug given tends to last for a shorter time.
-intramuscular (injection into a muscle). When larger volumes of a drug products are needed.
-intrathecal (injection into spinal cord). Use when a drug is needed to produce rapid or local effects on the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
-subcutaneous (injection beneath the skin). Inserted into fatty tissue, moves to blood capillaries and carried away by the bloodstream or reaches the bloodstream through lymphatic vessels. Protein drugs in large size, such as insulin.
-sublingual (placed under the tongue). Can be absorbed directly into the small blood vessels that lie beneath the tongue, without first passing through the intestinal wall and liver. Good for nitroglycerin, to relieve angina.
-rectal (inserted in the rectum). Mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after it is inserted into the rectum.Rectum's wall is thin and its blood supply rich, the drug is readily absorbed.
-vaginal (inserted in the vagina). Slowly absorbed through vaginal wall, for example, estrogen.
-ocular (instilled in the eye). Used to treat eye disorders.
-nasal (sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes). Must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). Generally work quickly.
-inhalation (breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth). Must be atomized into smaller particles than those given by the nasal route, so that the drug can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs.
-cutaneous (applied to the skin), local (topical) or bodywide (systemic). Used to treat skin disorder.
-transdermal (through the skin by a patch). Deliver slowly and continuously for many hours or days or even longer.
(TBC)
-substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease or intended to affect the structure or function of the body
-any chemical substance that affects the body and its processes
-2 categories: prescription; nonprescription
-chemical name: describe the atomic or molecular structure
-generic name: name for drug of a particular class, worldwide use
-trade name: brand name
Example: Antihyperglycemic (drug class), Acarbose (generic name), Precose (trade/brand name)
Drug design and development
-structure is usually modified to optimize:
selectivity: ability to target intended site
affinity: ability to remain attached to the site
potency: strength
efficacy: effectiveness
safety
-Preclinical testing: To determine the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug and to assess the safety and effects of the drug in living organism
-Phase I: To establish basic safety and blood levels achieved with different doses of the drug
-Phase II: To establish the drug's effectiveness and dosage range, to determine drug kinetics, and to identify side effects
-Phase III: To confirm the most effective dosage regimen and to obtain more information abou the drug's effectiveness and side effects
-FDA review: To determine whether the drug has been approved to be effective and safe
-Postmarketing surveillance: To identity any problems that did not occur in phase I,II,III, including other side effects, such as those that take a long time to appear and those that occur rarely
Drug Administration and Kinetics
-Drug administration: giving a drug by one of several means (routes)
-Drug kinetics (Pharmacokinetics): what the body does to a drug, including the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, and how long these processes take
Drug administration:
-oral (mouth). Absorption may begin in mouth and stomach, but usually, most of the drug is absorbed from small intestine. The drug passes through the intestinal wall and then the liver before it is transported via the bloodstream to its target site.
-intravenous (injection into a vein). Best way to deliver a precise dose quickly and in well-controlled manner throughout the body. Also used for irritating solutions. Drug given tends to last for a shorter time.
-intramuscular (injection into a muscle). When larger volumes of a drug products are needed.
-intrathecal (injection into spinal cord). Use when a drug is needed to produce rapid or local effects on the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
-subcutaneous (injection beneath the skin). Inserted into fatty tissue, moves to blood capillaries and carried away by the bloodstream or reaches the bloodstream through lymphatic vessels. Protein drugs in large size, such as insulin.
-sublingual (placed under the tongue). Can be absorbed directly into the small blood vessels that lie beneath the tongue, without first passing through the intestinal wall and liver. Good for nitroglycerin, to relieve angina.
-rectal (inserted in the rectum). Mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after it is inserted into the rectum.Rectum's wall is thin and its blood supply rich, the drug is readily absorbed.
-vaginal (inserted in the vagina). Slowly absorbed through vaginal wall, for example, estrogen.
-ocular (instilled in the eye). Used to treat eye disorders.
-nasal (sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes). Must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). Generally work quickly.
-inhalation (breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth). Must be atomized into smaller particles than those given by the nasal route, so that the drug can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs.
-cutaneous (applied to the skin), local (topical) or bodywide (systemic). Used to treat skin disorder.
-transdermal (through the skin by a patch). Deliver slowly and continuously for many hours or days or even longer.
(TBC)
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